Thursday, December 31, 2009
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Monday, July 6, 2009
Budget at Glance 2009
BUDGET 2009 INCOME TAX & SERVICE TAX PROPOSALS
NEW SARAL FORM TO BE INTRODUCED
A new Saral 2 Form to be introduced for the tax payers.
NEW INCOME TAX RATES
Individuals/HUF
Women assesseeSenior CitizensRate
Up to 160000Up to 190000Up to 240000Nil
160000-300000190000-300000240000-30000010%
300000-500000300000-500000300000-50000020%
Above 500000Above 500000Above 50000030%
There will be no surcharge on individual taxation.
No change in the rates of Corporate assesses and firms.
FBT SCRAPPED
FBT has now been scrapped
MAT INCREASED
MAT now increased from 10 % to 15%.
MAT credit now will be available for 10 years (Previously 7 years).
80 DD LIMIT INCREASED
Deduction under 80 DD for medical treatment of dependent senior citizen has been increased from 75000 to 100000.
NO ADVANCE TAX FOR SMALLL BUSINESS ASSESSEES
There is no advance tax required to be paid by the retail traders whose turnover is below Rs. 40 lakhs and who have opted for presumptive taxation.
SERVICE TAX ON LAW FIRMS
Law firms are now cover under service tax net, except in the cases where either service providers or recipients are individuals.
SERVICE TAX ON ALL THE MODE OF GOODS TRANSPORT
Service tax on goods transport are now covered for the carriage of goods through railway or cargo also.
NEW SARAL FORM TO BE INTRODUCED
A new Saral 2 Form to be introduced for the tax payers.
NEW INCOME TAX RATES
Individuals/HUF
Women assesseeSenior CitizensRate
Up to 160000Up to 190000Up to 240000Nil
160000-300000190000-300000240000-30000010%
300000-500000300000-500000300000-50000020%
Above 500000Above 500000Above 50000030%
There will be no surcharge on individual taxation.
No change in the rates of Corporate assesses and firms.
FBT SCRAPPED
FBT has now been scrapped
MAT INCREASED
MAT now increased from 10 % to 15%.
MAT credit now will be available for 10 years (Previously 7 years).
80 DD LIMIT INCREASED
Deduction under 80 DD for medical treatment of dependent senior citizen has been increased from 75000 to 100000.
NO ADVANCE TAX FOR SMALLL BUSINESS ASSESSEES
There is no advance tax required to be paid by the retail traders whose turnover is below Rs. 40 lakhs and who have opted for presumptive taxation.
SERVICE TAX ON LAW FIRMS
Law firms are now cover under service tax net, except in the cases where either service providers or recipients are individuals.
SERVICE TAX ON ALL THE MODE OF GOODS TRANSPORT
Service tax on goods transport are now covered for the carriage of goods through railway or cargo also.
Thursday, May 14, 2009
Sunday, April 19, 2009
Indian Judicial Systems
Was there a rule of law in ancient India? Let the texts speak for themselves.
In the Mahabharata, it was laid down " A King who after having sworn that he shall protect his subjects fails to protect them should be executed like a mad dog."
"The people should execute a king who does not protect them, but deprives them of their property and assets and who takes no advice or guidance from any one. Such a king is not a king but misfortune."
These provisions indicate that sovereignty was based on an implied social compact and if the King violated the traditional pact, he forfeited his kingship. Coming to the historical times of Mauryan Empire, Kautilya describes the duties of a king in the Arth-shastra thus : "In the happiness of his subjects lies the King’s happiness; in their welfare his welfare; whatever pleases him he shall not consider as good, but whether pleases his people he shall consider to good."
The Principle enunciated by Kautilya was based on a very ancient tradition which was already established in the age of the Ramayana. Rama, the King of Ayodhya, was compelled to banish his queen, whom he loved and in whose chastity he had comlete faith, simply because his subjects disapproved of his having taken back a wife who had spent a year in the house of her abductor. The king submitted to the will of people thopugh it broke his heart.
In the Mahabharata it is related that a common fisherman refused to give his daughter in marriage to the King of Hastinapur unless he accepted the condition that his daughter’s sons and not the heirapparent from a former queen would succeed to the throne. The renunciation of the throne and the vow of life-long celibacy (Bhishma Pratgyan) by Prince Deva Vrata is one of the most moving episodes in the Mahabharata. But its signifiance for jurists is that even the sovereign was not above the law. The great King of Hastinapur could not compel the humblest of his subjects to give his daughter in marriage to him without accepting his terms. It refutes the view that the kings in ancient India were "Oriental despots" who could do what they liked regardless of the law or the rights of their subjects.
In the Mahabharata, it was laid down " A King who after having sworn that he shall protect his subjects fails to protect them should be executed like a mad dog."
"The people should execute a king who does not protect them, but deprives them of their property and assets and who takes no advice or guidance from any one. Such a king is not a king but misfortune."
These provisions indicate that sovereignty was based on an implied social compact and if the King violated the traditional pact, he forfeited his kingship. Coming to the historical times of Mauryan Empire, Kautilya describes the duties of a king in the Arth-shastra thus : "In the happiness of his subjects lies the King’s happiness; in their welfare his welfare; whatever pleases him he shall not consider as good, but whether pleases his people he shall consider to good."
The Principle enunciated by Kautilya was based on a very ancient tradition which was already established in the age of the Ramayana. Rama, the King of Ayodhya, was compelled to banish his queen, whom he loved and in whose chastity he had comlete faith, simply because his subjects disapproved of his having taken back a wife who had spent a year in the house of her abductor. The king submitted to the will of people thopugh it broke his heart.
In the Mahabharata it is related that a common fisherman refused to give his daughter in marriage to the King of Hastinapur unless he accepted the condition that his daughter’s sons and not the heirapparent from a former queen would succeed to the throne. The renunciation of the throne and the vow of life-long celibacy (Bhishma Pratgyan) by Prince Deva Vrata is one of the most moving episodes in the Mahabharata. But its signifiance for jurists is that even the sovereign was not above the law. The great King of Hastinapur could not compel the humblest of his subjects to give his daughter in marriage to him without accepting his terms. It refutes the view that the kings in ancient India were "Oriental despots" who could do what they liked regardless of the law or the rights of their subjects.
Thursday, March 12, 2009
Success
I don't know the key to success, but the key to failure is trying to please everybody.
-Bill Cosby (born William Henry Cosby, Jr. 0n July 12, 1937)
-Bill Cosby (born William Henry Cosby, Jr. 0n July 12, 1937)
NRI Investment in Indian property
NRI Investment in Indian property
Investment in Immovable Property by Non-Residents
One of the investment options available to non-resident Indians is investing in immovable property in India. The Reserve Bank of India has allowed NRIs to use their foreign currency assets which have been earned and accumulated by them lawfully while they were resident outside India. The RBI has granted general exemption to them from the requirement of surrendering foreign exchange and income there on, in any currency (other than the currency of Nepal or Bhutan) :-
i. acquired by them lawfully i.e. without contravention of FERA, 1973, while they were resident outside India, and/or
ii. through employment, business or vocation outside India, taken up or commenced while they were residing outside India provided that they were resident outside India for a continuous period of not less than one year.
Persons who are not citizens of India (whether resident in India or not) and companies (other than banking companies) which are not incorporated under any law in force in India are required to obtain prior permission of Reserve Bank to acquire, hold, transfer or dispose of by sale, mortgage, lease, gift, settlement or otherwise any immovable property situated in India. The work relating to the permission for acquisition, etc of immovable property is centralized in the Central Office of Reserve Bank (Foreign Investment Division) at Mumbai.
However, the above restrictions do not apply to immovable property taken or given on lease for a period not exceeding five years.
Prior permission of Reserve Bank is necessary for acquisition, disposal etc. of flats in co-operative housing societies.
Nepalese or Bhutanese nationals, whether resident in India or not, as well as Nepalese companies in Nepal or Bhutanese companies in Bhutan should obtain prior permission of Reserve Bank for acquisition, holding, etc. of immovable property in India even though the transactions may be settled in Indian rupees.
In the case of partnership firms, if any of the partners is a foreign citizen, the firm should obtain permission of Reserve Bank for acquisition/disposal of the immovable property. Likewise, if any member on the governing body of an association/organization or any trustee of a trust is a foreign citizen, such a body/trustee should obtain Reserve Bank's permission.
Acquisition, Sale etc. of Immovable Property by Foreign Banks
The acquisition, sale, disposal, etc. of immovable properties in India by foreign banks operating in India is governed by the relevant provisions of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and the policy of Reserve Bank in this regard in force from time to time. Foreign banks should ensure while undertaking such transactions in immovable property that they are in accordance with the provisions of the Act and directions issued, if any, by the Department of Banking Operations and Development of Reserve Bank.
Applications for fresh acquisition or holding of immovable property in India (other than those covered under the general permissions granted by Reserve Bank) should be made to Reserve Bank in form IPI 1 and for sale/transfer of property (other than tea, coffee, rubber, etc. plantations or those covered by general permissions granted by Reserve Bank) in form IPI 2 Applications for sale/transfer of tea, coffee, rubber etc. plantations should, however, be made in form IPI 3 together with the particulars of productivity, income, etc. in form IPI 4.
General permission for Acquisition of Property for Carrying on Activities permitted by Reserve Bank
The Reserve Bank has granted general permission to companies, (other than banking companies), which are not incorporated under any law in force in India, to acquire or hold any immovable property which is necessary for or incidental to any activity permitted by Reserve Bank under Section 28 or Section 29 of FERA 1973. Companies which acquire or hold any immovable property in India in terms of the general permission are required to submit to Reserve Bank a declaration in form IPI 5 not later than 90 days from the date of acquisition of the immovable property.
The above general permission does not apply to foreign companies which have been permitted under Section 29 of the Act to open liaison offices or to post representatives in India.
General Permission for Acquisition/Disposal of Residential/Commercial Properties by Foreign Citizens of Indian origin
The Reserve Bank has granted general permission to foreign citizens of Indian origin, (whether resident in India or not), to acquire and dispose of immovable properties (other than agricultural land/farm house/plantation property) situate in India subject to the fulfillment of the following conditions:
Acquisition/Disposal of Residential Property/ies in India other than by way of Gift
1. Property is acquired by way of purchase or inheritance for the person's bona fide residential use and transferred by way of sale. (No restrictions are placed on the number of residential properties that can be acquired/disposed of under the general permission except what is mentioned against condition 6 below).
2. Consideration for the property purchased is met out of foreign exchange remitted from abroad through normal banking channels or funds withdrawn from the purchaser's NRE/FCNR account maintained with a bank in India.
3. Property purchased is not let out except where it is not immediately required for the purchaser's own residential use.
4. A declaration is submitted to Reserve Bank (Central Office) about such acquisition in form IPI 7 within a period of 90 days from such acquisition/final payment of purchase consideration along with a certified copy of the document evidencing the transaction and bank certificate regarding the consideration paid.
5. Income accruing by way of rent or sale proceeds of the property or income arising out of investment of such proceeds is credited to the person's NRO account (if the property is held by a non-resident foreign citizen of Indian origin) or to the Resident Rupee Account i.e. Q.A.22 Account (if the property is held by a foreign citizen of Indian origin resident in India) with a bank in India.
6. In respect of residential properties purchased on or after 26th May 1993, Reserve Bank would consider applications for the repatriation of sale proceeds up to the consideration amount remitted in foreign exchange for the acquisition of the property( only up to two such properties ) provided the sale takes place after three years from the date of final purchase deed or from the date of payment of final installment of consideration amount, whichever is later. Applications for the purpose should be made to Reserve Bank (Central Office) in form IPI 8 within 90 days of the sale of the property.
Acquisition/Disposal of Residential property by way of Gift
1. Properties (up to two houses) are acquired, transferred or disposed of by way of gift from or to a relative who may be an Indian citizen or a person of Indian origin whether resident in India or not.
2. Gift tax, if any, has been paid. ( With the abolition of the Gift Tax Act, no gift tax is payable by any person in India.)
Acquisition by way of purchase or inheritance or disposal by way of sale of Commercial Property/ies in India
1. Property (not being agricultural land/farm house/plantation property) situated in India is acquired by way of purchase or inheritance and transferred or disposed of by way of sale (No restrictions are placed on the number of such properties acquired/disposed of under the general permission except what is mentioned against condition 4 below).
2. Consideration for the property purchased is met out of foreign exchange remitted from abroad through normal banking channels or funds withdrawn from the purchaser's NRE/FCNR account maintained with banks in India.
3. A declaration is submitted to Reserve Bank (Central Office) about acquisition of the commercial property in form IPI 7 within a period of 90 days from such acquisition/final payment of purchase consideration along with a certified copy of the document evidencing the transaction and bank certificate regarding the consideration paid.
4. Reserve Bank would consider applications for repatriation of original investment in commercial property in respect of properties purchased on or after 26th May 1993 up to the consideration amount remitted in foreign exchange for the acquisition of the property provided the property is sold after a period of three years from the date of the final purchase deed or from the date of payment of final installment of consideration amount, whichever is later. The balance amount of sale proceeds of the property/ies should be credited to the seller's NRO account or Resident Rupee Account (Q.A. 22 Account) in the case of resident foreign citizens maintained with a bank in India. Applications for repatriation of the amount should be made to Reserve Bank (Central Office) in form IPI 8 within 90 days of the sale of the property.
For the purpose of above general permission, a foreign citizen is deemed to be of Indian origin if :-
a. he held an Indian passport at any time, or
b. he or his father or paternal grandfather was a citizen of India by virtue of the Constitution of India or the Citizenship Act, 1955 provided that citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal shall be deemed to be not of Indian origin.
Non-resident Indian nationals are also eligible for the facility regarding repatriation of sale proceeds of the properties provided the other conditions referred to in the said sub-paragraph are satisfied.
General Permission for letting out of Residential Property in India by Non-resident Indians and Persons of Indian origin
The Reserve Bank has granted general permission to non-resident Indian citizens and foreign citizens of Indian origin to let out any immovable property in India held by them. The rental income or proceeds of any investment of such income shall not be repatriable outside India at any time in future and such funds should be credited to the owner's Ordinary Non-Resident Rupee (NRO) account maintained with a bank in India.
Purchase of Immovable Property in India by Foreign Citizens of Non-Indian origin/Foreign Companies
Foreign citizens of Non-Indian origin (whether resident in India or not) and foreign companies including trusts, societies and associations incorporated/ registered abroad will be permitted by Reserve Bank, on application, to acquire immovable property in India, provided the following conditions are satisfied :-
1. The property to be purchased is for residential use only.
2. The consideration for purchase of the property is met out of foreign exchange remitted from abroad in any convertible currency through normal banking channels.
3. Income accruing by way of rent from the property purchased, or the sale proceeds of such property/income arising out of investment of such sale proceeds at any future date shall be credited only to the Ordinary Non-resident Rupee (NRO) account of the non-resident purchaser.
Applications for necessary permission for purchase of immovable property in India should be made in form IPI 1 together with the documents indicated therein to the Chief General Manager, Exchange Control Department, (Foreign Investment Division-III), Reserve Bank of India, Central Office, Mumbai 400 001.
Acquisition, Transfer of Property in India by way of Lease, Mortgage, Gift, Inheritance, etc.
Applications for permission to acquire or transfer immovable property by way of lease exceeding 5 years or by way of mortgage, gift, inheritance, settlement, etc. other than those covered by general permissions referred to above should be made to Reserve Bank in the appropriate form together with relevant documents indicated therein.
Investment in Immovable Property by Non-Residents
One of the investment options available to non-resident Indians is investing in immovable property in India. The Reserve Bank of India has allowed NRIs to use their foreign currency assets which have been earned and accumulated by them lawfully while they were resident outside India. The RBI has granted general exemption to them from the requirement of surrendering foreign exchange and income there on, in any currency (other than the currency of Nepal or Bhutan) :-
i. acquired by them lawfully i.e. without contravention of FERA, 1973, while they were resident outside India, and/or
ii. through employment, business or vocation outside India, taken up or commenced while they were residing outside India provided that they were resident outside India for a continuous period of not less than one year.
Persons who are not citizens of India (whether resident in India or not) and companies (other than banking companies) which are not incorporated under any law in force in India are required to obtain prior permission of Reserve Bank to acquire, hold, transfer or dispose of by sale, mortgage, lease, gift, settlement or otherwise any immovable property situated in India. The work relating to the permission for acquisition, etc of immovable property is centralized in the Central Office of Reserve Bank (Foreign Investment Division) at Mumbai.
However, the above restrictions do not apply to immovable property taken or given on lease for a period not exceeding five years.
Prior permission of Reserve Bank is necessary for acquisition, disposal etc. of flats in co-operative housing societies.
Nepalese or Bhutanese nationals, whether resident in India or not, as well as Nepalese companies in Nepal or Bhutanese companies in Bhutan should obtain prior permission of Reserve Bank for acquisition, holding, etc. of immovable property in India even though the transactions may be settled in Indian rupees.
In the case of partnership firms, if any of the partners is a foreign citizen, the firm should obtain permission of Reserve Bank for acquisition/disposal of the immovable property. Likewise, if any member on the governing body of an association/organization or any trustee of a trust is a foreign citizen, such a body/trustee should obtain Reserve Bank's permission.
Acquisition, Sale etc. of Immovable Property by Foreign Banks
The acquisition, sale, disposal, etc. of immovable properties in India by foreign banks operating in India is governed by the relevant provisions of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and the policy of Reserve Bank in this regard in force from time to time. Foreign banks should ensure while undertaking such transactions in immovable property that they are in accordance with the provisions of the Act and directions issued, if any, by the Department of Banking Operations and Development of Reserve Bank.
Applications for fresh acquisition or holding of immovable property in India (other than those covered under the general permissions granted by Reserve Bank) should be made to Reserve Bank in form IPI 1 and for sale/transfer of property (other than tea, coffee, rubber, etc. plantations or those covered by general permissions granted by Reserve Bank) in form IPI 2 Applications for sale/transfer of tea, coffee, rubber etc. plantations should, however, be made in form IPI 3 together with the particulars of productivity, income, etc. in form IPI 4.
General permission for Acquisition of Property for Carrying on Activities permitted by Reserve Bank
The Reserve Bank has granted general permission to companies, (other than banking companies), which are not incorporated under any law in force in India, to acquire or hold any immovable property which is necessary for or incidental to any activity permitted by Reserve Bank under Section 28 or Section 29 of FERA 1973. Companies which acquire or hold any immovable property in India in terms of the general permission are required to submit to Reserve Bank a declaration in form IPI 5 not later than 90 days from the date of acquisition of the immovable property.
The above general permission does not apply to foreign companies which have been permitted under Section 29 of the Act to open liaison offices or to post representatives in India.
General Permission for Acquisition/Disposal of Residential/Commercial Properties by Foreign Citizens of Indian origin
The Reserve Bank has granted general permission to foreign citizens of Indian origin, (whether resident in India or not), to acquire and dispose of immovable properties (other than agricultural land/farm house/plantation property) situate in India subject to the fulfillment of the following conditions:
Acquisition/Disposal of Residential Property/ies in India other than by way of Gift
1. Property is acquired by way of purchase or inheritance for the person's bona fide residential use and transferred by way of sale. (No restrictions are placed on the number of residential properties that can be acquired/disposed of under the general permission except what is mentioned against condition 6 below).
2. Consideration for the property purchased is met out of foreign exchange remitted from abroad through normal banking channels or funds withdrawn from the purchaser's NRE/FCNR account maintained with a bank in India.
3. Property purchased is not let out except where it is not immediately required for the purchaser's own residential use.
4. A declaration is submitted to Reserve Bank (Central Office) about such acquisition in form IPI 7 within a period of 90 days from such acquisition/final payment of purchase consideration along with a certified copy of the document evidencing the transaction and bank certificate regarding the consideration paid.
5. Income accruing by way of rent or sale proceeds of the property or income arising out of investment of such proceeds is credited to the person's NRO account (if the property is held by a non-resident foreign citizen of Indian origin) or to the Resident Rupee Account i.e. Q.A.22 Account (if the property is held by a foreign citizen of Indian origin resident in India) with a bank in India.
6. In respect of residential properties purchased on or after 26th May 1993, Reserve Bank would consider applications for the repatriation of sale proceeds up to the consideration amount remitted in foreign exchange for the acquisition of the property( only up to two such properties ) provided the sale takes place after three years from the date of final purchase deed or from the date of payment of final installment of consideration amount, whichever is later. Applications for the purpose should be made to Reserve Bank (Central Office) in form IPI 8 within 90 days of the sale of the property.
Acquisition/Disposal of Residential property by way of Gift
1. Properties (up to two houses) are acquired, transferred or disposed of by way of gift from or to a relative who may be an Indian citizen or a person of Indian origin whether resident in India or not.
2. Gift tax, if any, has been paid. ( With the abolition of the Gift Tax Act, no gift tax is payable by any person in India.)
Acquisition by way of purchase or inheritance or disposal by way of sale of Commercial Property/ies in India
1. Property (not being agricultural land/farm house/plantation property) situated in India is acquired by way of purchase or inheritance and transferred or disposed of by way of sale (No restrictions are placed on the number of such properties acquired/disposed of under the general permission except what is mentioned against condition 4 below).
2. Consideration for the property purchased is met out of foreign exchange remitted from abroad through normal banking channels or funds withdrawn from the purchaser's NRE/FCNR account maintained with banks in India.
3. A declaration is submitted to Reserve Bank (Central Office) about acquisition of the commercial property in form IPI 7 within a period of 90 days from such acquisition/final payment of purchase consideration along with a certified copy of the document evidencing the transaction and bank certificate regarding the consideration paid.
4. Reserve Bank would consider applications for repatriation of original investment in commercial property in respect of properties purchased on or after 26th May 1993 up to the consideration amount remitted in foreign exchange for the acquisition of the property provided the property is sold after a period of three years from the date of the final purchase deed or from the date of payment of final installment of consideration amount, whichever is later. The balance amount of sale proceeds of the property/ies should be credited to the seller's NRO account or Resident Rupee Account (Q.A. 22 Account) in the case of resident foreign citizens maintained with a bank in India. Applications for repatriation of the amount should be made to Reserve Bank (Central Office) in form IPI 8 within 90 days of the sale of the property.
For the purpose of above general permission, a foreign citizen is deemed to be of Indian origin if :-
a. he held an Indian passport at any time, or
b. he or his father or paternal grandfather was a citizen of India by virtue of the Constitution of India or the Citizenship Act, 1955 provided that citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal shall be deemed to be not of Indian origin.
Non-resident Indian nationals are also eligible for the facility regarding repatriation of sale proceeds of the properties provided the other conditions referred to in the said sub-paragraph are satisfied.
General Permission for letting out of Residential Property in India by Non-resident Indians and Persons of Indian origin
The Reserve Bank has granted general permission to non-resident Indian citizens and foreign citizens of Indian origin to let out any immovable property in India held by them. The rental income or proceeds of any investment of such income shall not be repatriable outside India at any time in future and such funds should be credited to the owner's Ordinary Non-Resident Rupee (NRO) account maintained with a bank in India.
Purchase of Immovable Property in India by Foreign Citizens of Non-Indian origin/Foreign Companies
Foreign citizens of Non-Indian origin (whether resident in India or not) and foreign companies including trusts, societies and associations incorporated/ registered abroad will be permitted by Reserve Bank, on application, to acquire immovable property in India, provided the following conditions are satisfied :-
1. The property to be purchased is for residential use only.
2. The consideration for purchase of the property is met out of foreign exchange remitted from abroad in any convertible currency through normal banking channels.
3. Income accruing by way of rent from the property purchased, or the sale proceeds of such property/income arising out of investment of such sale proceeds at any future date shall be credited only to the Ordinary Non-resident Rupee (NRO) account of the non-resident purchaser.
Applications for necessary permission for purchase of immovable property in India should be made in form IPI 1 together with the documents indicated therein to the Chief General Manager, Exchange Control Department, (Foreign Investment Division-III), Reserve Bank of India, Central Office, Mumbai 400 001.
Acquisition, Transfer of Property in India by way of Lease, Mortgage, Gift, Inheritance, etc.
Applications for permission to acquire or transfer immovable property by way of lease exceeding 5 years or by way of mortgage, gift, inheritance, settlement, etc. other than those covered by general permissions referred to above should be made to Reserve Bank in the appropriate form together with relevant documents indicated therein.
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